What is Evidence-Based Coaching

The Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) model is a framework for decision-making that integrates three critical factors (1,2):

1. Best available evidence
2. Professional’s expertise and experience
3. Client’s values, preferences, and experiences

To excel in the fitness and coaching profession, personal trainers and fitness instructors must balance these three pillars. The process begins with referencing the best available evidence to inform decisions. However, exercise science evolves continuously, with guidelines frequently updated or revised. Moreover, evidence is rarely definitive or universally applicable, which can create challenges for the evidence-based coach.

The Role of Professional Experience

While scientific evidence provides a foundation, the professional’s expertise fills in gaps when research is inconclusive or context-specific. However, over-reliance on experience can result in inflated confidence without sufficient scientific backing. This phenomenon has been described as "making the same mistake with increasing confidence over an impressive number of years” (3). Trainers who depend too heavily on anecdotal experience might dismiss new research, resorting to familiar client success stories. This approach risks overlooking important variables and limiting growth.

Considering Client Perspectives

Client preferences and beliefs are often underestimated in coaching, based on the notion that “clients do not know what they’re talking about.” While clients seek professional guidance precisely because of limited expertise, their input is crucial. Exercise science ultimately aims to enhance health, safety, and physical independence. Involving clients in the decision-making process fosters trust, commitment, and adherence, helping them fully engage in their fitness journeys.

Incorporating Emerging Research

Staying current with emerging research strengthens the evidence-based coaching process. For example, recent studies on motivational interviewing techniques have shown improvements in client adherence and behavior change (4). Similarly, research on personalized fitness assessments continues to reshape program design for optimal results (5). These advancements emphasize the dynamic nature of evidence-based coaching.

Takeaway Messages

Evidence-based coaching combines scientific research, professional expertise, and client input to create personalized, effective fitness programs. Coaches who integrate all three elements can navigate the ever-changing exercise science landscape while fostering meaningful client relationships.

References

1. Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JA, Haynes RB, Richardson WS. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. BMJ. 1996 Jan 13;312(7023):71–2.
2. Luckmann R. Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM, 2nd Edition: By David L. Sackett, Sharon E. Straus, W. Scott Richardson, William Rosenberg, and R. Brian Haynes, Churchill Livingstone, 2000. J Intensive Care Med. 2001 May 1;16(3):155–6.
3. O’Donnell M. Sceptic’s Medical Dictionary. London: John Wiley & Sons; 1997. 216 p.
4. Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2012.

ACSM. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2021.